{"id":4817,"date":"2019-06-20T07:53:17","date_gmt":"2019-06-20T07:53:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/visitcastelliromani.valica.it\/?p=4817"},"modified":"2024-09-16T08:00:56","modified_gmt":"2024-09-16T08:00:56","slug":"histoire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.visitcastelliromani.it\/fr\/non-classifiee\/histoire\/","title":{"rendered":"Histoire"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Mais les premiers peuplements qui ont colonis\u00e9 stablement la zone des Colli Albani furent ceux des Latins,\u00a0un ensemble de peuples d&rsquo;origine indo-europ\u00e9enne qui s&rsquo;install\u00e8rent dans le Latium Ancien (le Latium\u00a0Vetus de Pline l&rsquo;Ancien, qui s&rsquo;\u00e9tendait au sud du fleuve Tevere-Tibre &#8211; jusqu&rsquo;au promontoire du Circeo) \u00e0\u00a0partir de 2000 avant J.-C.\u00a0D\u00e9j\u00e0 quatre si\u00e8cles avant la fondation de Rome, les Latins avaient \u00e9tablit ici leurs cit\u00e9s \u2013Alba Longa (Albe \u2013\u00a0la-Longue), Tusculum, Aricia, Lanuvium, Velitrae, pour en citer seulement les principales \u2013 qui \u00e9taient\u00a0solidement alli\u00e9es en conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration, appel\u00e9e pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment Ligue Latine.<\/p>\n<p>Le c\u0153ur de la vie religieuse et politique de la conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration se trouvait sur ce qui s&rsquo;appelle aujourd&rsquo;hui le mont Cavo, l&rsquo;ancien Mons Albanus, o\u00f9 avait \u00e9t\u00e9 b\u00e2ti le temple de Jupiter (Iuppiter Latiaris) et o\u00f9 se c\u00e9l\u00e9braient chaque ann\u00e9e les Feriae Latinae, une s\u00e9rie de c\u00e9l\u00e9brations au cours desquelles les peuples de la Ligue se retrouvaient et renfor\u00e7aient les contraintes mutuelles d&rsquo;appartenance et d&rsquo;alliance.<\/p>\n<p>Les Latins furent, pour des si\u00e8cles, une \u00e9pine dans le pied de Rome et les batailles dans lesquelles les Romains ont tent\u00e9 de les soumettre furent nombreuses. Mais malgr\u00e9 la destruction de leur capitale Albalonga au VII^e si\u00e8cle avant J.-C. (voulue par Tullo Ostilio et attribu\u00e9e par la tradition \u00e0 la victoire des Horaces sur les Curiaces), la Ligue Latine fut d\u00e9finitivement d\u00e9faite \u2013 et donc dissoute \u2013 seulement trois si\u00e8cles plus tard, en 338 avant J.-C. \u00c0 partir de ce moment-l\u00e0, les Colli Albani furent sous la domination de Rome.<\/p>\n<p>En 193 apr\u00e8s J.-C., Septime S\u00e9v\u00e8re ordonna la construction des Castra Albana (les campements romains d&rsquo;o\u00f9 a tir\u00e9 son origine l&rsquo;actuelle Albano Laziale) o\u00f9 il voulut que s&rsquo;\u00e9tablisse la Legio II Parthica (Deuxi\u00e8me L\u00e9gion Parthique), qui avait pour r\u00f4le de garde personnelle de l&rsquo;Empereur. D&rsquo;importantes personnalit\u00e9s de la Rome antique pr\u00e9f\u00e9raient les Colli Albani et y construisirent leurs r\u00e9sidences. Par exemple, pour n&rsquo;en citer que deux, l&#8217;empereur Domitien avait une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s vaste qui s&rsquo;\u00e9tendait sur tout le lac Albano, tandis que Caligula avait fait construire deux luxueuses villas flottantes sur le lac de Nemi. Les invasions barbares, qui ont boulevers\u00e9 la p\u00e9ninsule italique et ont port\u00e9 en 476 apr\u00e8s J.-C. \u00e0 la chute de l&rsquo;Empire romain d&rsquo;Occident, ont provoqu\u00e9, m\u00eame aux Colli Albani, le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne connu comme \u00ab incastellamento \u00bb, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire le refuge des populations sur les hauteurs qui leur offraient une protection contre les attaques barbares. Plusieurs familles nobles ont construit ici leurs citadelles, autour desquelles se d\u00e9veloppaient, au fil des si\u00e8cles, des faubourgs destin\u00e9s \u00e0 devenir ensuite les \u00ab Castelli Romani \u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 partir du X^e si\u00e8cle, commence la mont\u00e9e de la puissante famille des Comtes du Tuscolo, qui s&rsquo;\u00e9tablissent pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment dans l&rsquo;ancienne ville du Tusculum. En 1004, un seul membre de cette famille a c\u00e9d\u00e9 au saint une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 sur laquelle celui-ci a fond\u00e9 l&rsquo;abbaye de Grottaferrata (Basilica di Grottaferrata). M\u00eame apr\u00e8s la chute de l&rsquo;Empire, la ville qui avait \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00ab caput mundi \u00bb ne cessait de dominer sur les Colli Albani, qui au cours des si\u00e8cles suivants sont pass\u00e9s en fait \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00c9glise de Rome, laquelle est devenue progressivement propri\u00e9taire de tous les fonds de la zone. Tout au long du Moyen \u00c2ge, le territoire des Castelli Romani fut le th\u00e9\u00e2tre de luttes de pouvoir incessantes d\u00e9clench\u00e9es par les importantes familles f\u00e9odales romaines, dont plusieurs membres appartenaient \u00e0 l&rsquo;haut clerg\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>En 1167, les troupes imp\u00e9riales de Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Barberousse d\u00e9firent celles du pontife Alexandre III lors de la bataille de Prata Porci, au-dessus de Monte Porzio Catone. Apr\u00e8s la retraite de l&rsquo;arm\u00e9e imp\u00e9riale, Rome s&rsquo;est engag\u00e9e \u00e0 an\u00e9antir les villes d&rsquo;Albanum et de Tusculum, qui avaient soutenu l&rsquo;Empereur au m\u00e9pris de l&rsquo;\u00c9glise de Rome lors des \u00e9v\u00e9nements susmentionn\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>En 1379, un an apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9but du Schisme d&rsquo;Occident, l&rsquo;arm\u00e9e de mercenaires bretons et gascons, \u00e0 la solde de l&rsquo;antipape Cl\u00e9ment VII, d\u00e9fiait les troupes du pape Urbain VI dans la c\u00e9l\u00e8bre bataille de Marino, o\u00f9 les milices pontificales ont obtenu une victoire d\u00e9cisive. En 1433, les barons romains se rebellaient contre le pape Eug\u00e8ne IV, d\u00e9clenchant ainsi une guerre qui, au cours de trois ans, a impliqu\u00e9 plusieurs villages des Castelli Romani et qui a abouti \u00e0 la destruction d&rsquo;Albano Laziale par l&rsquo;arm\u00e9e pontificale dirig\u00e9e par le Vitelleschi.<\/p>\n<p>En 1501, Marino, fief de la puissante famille des Colonna, fut \u00e9galement d\u00e9truit pendant la guerre de ces derniers contre le pape Alexandre VI.<\/p>\n<p>Enfin, quand les Lanzichenecchi mirent Rome \u00e0 sac en 1527, les Castelli Romani furent pill\u00e9s et d\u00e9vast\u00e9s, en particulier Marino et Velletri. Frascati fut \u00e9pargn\u00e9e par un miracle attribu\u00e9 \u00e0 la Vierge Marie.<\/p>\n<p>De la moiti\u00e9 du XVI^e si\u00e8cle jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la fin du XVIII^e si\u00e8cle, les Castelli Romani ont connu une p\u00e9riode de relative paix et stabilit\u00e9. Au cours de ces deux si\u00e8cles, les familles de l&rsquo;aristocratie romaine rivalisaient dans la construction, l&#8217;embellissement et la restructuration de leurs luxueuses r\u00e9sidences de campagne et de leurs parcs et jardins, mais aussi dans l&rsquo;enrichissement du territoire des Castelli Romani avec d&rsquo;importantes infrastructures et \u00e9l\u00e9ments urbanistiques de valeur. Les exemples les plus significatifs sont les c\u00e9l\u00e8bres Ville Tuscolane (Villas Tuscolanes) situ\u00e9es entre Frascati, Monte Porzio Catone et Grottaferrata; mais aussi la petite ville d&rsquo;Ariccia, avec l&rsquo;important complexe cr\u00e9\u00e9 par Bernini de la place de la R\u00e9publique (Piazza della Repubblica) avec le palais Chigi et l&rsquo;\u00e9glise Notre-Dame de l&rsquo;Assomption (Palazzo Chigi et la Chiesa dell&rsquo;Assunta), le palais pontifical de Castelgandolfo, le palais Sforza-Cesarini de Genzano, le palais Colonna de Marino, le palais Ferrajoli d&rsquo;Albano, etc.<\/p>\n<p>La paix revint aux Castelli Romani au milieu du XVIII^e si\u00e8cle, quand la guerre de Succession d&rsquo;Autriche impliqua surtout Velletri, o\u00f9, en 1744, les troupes hispano-napolitaines du roi Charles de Bourbon affront\u00e8rent celles des Autrichiens. Ce fut une victoire historique qui assura la survie du Royaume des Deux-Siciles.<\/p>\n<p>Une cinquantaine d&rsquo;ann\u00e9es plus tard, la campagne napol\u00e9onienne d&rsquo;Italie provoqua l&rsquo;occupation fran\u00e7aise jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 Rome, et bouleversa \u00e9galement les villages des Castelli Romani, soustrayant le territoire et les pouvoirs au Saint-Si\u00e8ge. Apr\u00e8s une longue p\u00e9riode de Restauration, en 1870, l&rsquo;\u00c9tat Pontifical fut annex\u00e9 au Royaume d&rsquo;Italie et, avec lui, le territoire des Castelli Romani.<\/p>\n<p>Une importante \u0153uvre de d\u00e9veloppement et d&rsquo;am\u00e9lioration des axes routiers et ferroviaires commen\u00e7a d\u00e9j\u00e0 en 1856 sous le pontificat de Pio IX avec l&rsquo;inauguration des deux chemins de fer Rome-Frascati et Rome-Velletri. Apr\u00e8s cela, suivront ceux de Rome-Grottaferrata, de Frascati-Grottaferrata-Genzano et de Grottaferrata-Rocca di Papa. Cela a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 faire des Castelli Romani la destination pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e des vir\u00e9es en dehors de la ville et des vacances d&rsquo;\u00e9t\u00e9 des Romains. 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&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":4820,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[155],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.visitcastelliromani.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4817"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.visitcastelliromani.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.visitcastelliromani.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.visitcastelliromani.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.visitcastelliromani.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4817"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.visitcastelliromani.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4817\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24736,"href":"https:\/\/www.visitcastelliromani.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4817\/revisions\/24736"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.visitcastelliromani.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4820"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.visitcastelliromani.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4817"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.visitcastelliromani.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4817"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.visitcastelliromani.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4817"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}